runtime: document philosophy behind runtime atomic usage

Based on Dmitry Vyukov's comments in CL 65210.

Change-Id: I5dce7286b0d180cd43cad3aaf70f537fafcda588
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/123275Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>

src/runtime/HACKING.md

@@ -135,6 +135,47 @@ In summary,
 <tr><td>park</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td></tr>
 </table>
 
+Atomics
+=======
+
+The runtime uses its own atomics package at `runtime/internal/atomic`.
+This corresponds to `sync/atomic`, but functions have different names
+for historical reasons and there are a few additional functions needed
+by the runtime.
+
+In general, we think hard about the uses of atomics in the runtime and
+try to avoid unnecessary atomic operations. If access to a variable is
+sometimes protected by another synchronization mechanism, the
+already-protected accesses generally don't need to be atomic. There
+are several reasons for this:
+
+1. Using non-atomic or atomic access where appropriate makes the code
+   more self-documenting. Atomic access to a variable implies there's
+   somewhere else that may concurrently access the variable.
+
+2. Non-atomic access allows for automatic race detection. The runtime
+   doesn't currently have a race detector, but it may in the future.
+   Atomic access defeats the race detector, while non-atomic access
+   allows the race detector to check your assumptions.
+
+3. Non-atomic access may improve performance.
+
+Of course, any non-atomic access to a shared variable should be
+documented to explain how that access is protected.
+
+Some common patterns that mix atomic and non-atomic access are:
+
+* Read-mostly variables where updates are protected by a lock. Within
+  the locked region, reads do not need to be atomic, but the write
+  does. Outside the locked region, reads need to be atomic.
+
+* Reads that only happen during STW, where no writes can happen during
+  STW, do not need to be atomic.
+
+That said, the advice from the Go memory model stands: "Don't be
+[too] clever." The performance of the runtime matters, but its
+robustness matters more.
+
 Unmanaged memory
 ================