Convert raise from raw syscalls to using the system pthread library.
As a bonus, raise will now target the current thread instead of the
process.

Updates #17490

Change-Id: I2e44f2000bf870e99a5b4dc5ff5e0799fba91bde
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/110475
Run-TryBot: Elias Naur <elias.naur@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>