Generate a for loop for ranging over strings that only needs to call
the runtime function charntorune for non ASCII characters.

This provides faster iteration over ASCII characters and slightly
faster iteration for other characters.

The runtime function charntorune is changed to take an index from where
to start decoding and returns the index after the last byte belonging
to the decoded rune.

All call sites of charntorune in the runtime are replaced by a for loop
that will be transformed by the compiler instead of calling the charntorune
function directly.

go binary size decreases by 80 bytes.
godoc binary size increases by around 4 kilobytes.

runtime:

name                           old time/op  new time/op  delta
RuneIterate/range/ASCII-4      43.7ns ± 3%  10.3ns ± 4%  -76.33%  (p=0.000 n=44+45)
RuneIterate/range/Japanese-4   72.5ns ± 2%  62.8ns ± 2%  -13.41%  (p=0.000 n=49+50)
RuneIterate/range1/ASCII-4     43.5ns ± 2%  10.4ns ± 3%  -76.18%  (p=0.000 n=50+50)
RuneIterate/range1/Japanese-4  72.5ns ± 2%  62.9ns ± 2%  -13.26%  (p=0.000 n=50+49)
RuneIterate/range2/ASCII-4     43.5ns ± 3%  10.3ns ± 2%  -76.22%  (p=0.000 n=48+47)
RuneIterate/range2/Japanese-4  72.4ns ± 2%  62.7ns ± 2%  -13.47%  (p=0.000 n=50+50)

strings:

name                 old time/op    new time/op    delta
IndexRune-4            64.7ns ± 5%    22.4ns ± 3%  -65.43%  (p=0.000 n=25+21)
MapNoChanges-4          269ns ± 2%     157ns ± 2%  -41.46%  (p=0.000 n=23+24)
Fields-4               23.0ms ± 2%    19.7ms ± 2%  -14.35%  (p=0.000 n=25+25)
FieldsFunc-4           23.1ms ± 2%    19.6ms ± 2%  -14.94%  (p=0.000 n=25+24)

name                 old speed      new speed      delta
Fields-4             45.6MB/s ± 2%  53.2MB/s ± 2%  +16.87%  (p=0.000 n=24+25)
FieldsFunc-4         45.5MB/s ± 2%  53.5MB/s ± 2%  +17.57%  (p=0.000 n=25+24)

Updates #13162

Change-Id: I79ffaf828d82bf9887592f08e5cad883e9f39701
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27853
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Run-TryBot: Martin Möhrmann <martisch@uos.de>