Keep itabs in a growable hash table.
Use a simple open-addressable hash table, quadratic probing, power
of two sized.
Synchronization gets a bit more tricky. The common read path now
has two atomic reads, one to get the table pointer and one to read
the entry out of the table.

I set the max load factor to 75%, kind of arbitrarily. There's a
space-speed tradeoff here, and I'm not sure where we should land.

Because we use open addressing the itab.link field is no longer needed.
I'll remove it in a separate CL.

Fixes #20505

Change-Id: Ifb3d9a337512d6cf968c1fceb1eeaf89559afebf
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/44472
Run-TryBot: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>