This will simplify parsing of rational and (eventually) floating point numbers.

Also streamlined inner loop. As a result, scan runs faster for all but short
(<= 10 digit) numbers. For short numbers it is < 10% slower (cause is known
and could be addressed in a future CL).

Minor unrelated cleanups. Added additional tests.

benchmark                     old ns/op     new ns/op     delta
BenchmarkScanPi               134465        125122        -6.95%
BenchmarkScan10Base2          493           540           +9.53%
BenchmarkScan100Base2         3608          3244          -10.09%
BenchmarkScan1000Base2        35376         32377         -8.48%
BenchmarkScan10000Base2       481504        450028        -6.54%
BenchmarkScan100000Base2      17936774      17648080      -1.61%
BenchmarkScan10Base8          258           280           +8.53%
BenchmarkScan100Base8         1389          1323          -4.75%
BenchmarkScan1000Base8        14221         13036         -8.33%
BenchmarkScan10000Base8       271298        258993        -4.54%
BenchmarkScan100000Base8      15715465      15672580      -0.27%
BenchmarkScan10Base10         249           268           +7.63%
BenchmarkScan100Base10        1324          1220          -7.85%
BenchmarkScan1000Base10       13398         12234         -8.69%
BenchmarkScan10000Base10      259157        249342        -3.79%
BenchmarkScan100000Base10     15670613      15582409      -0.56%
BenchmarkScan10Base16         231           251           +8.66%
BenchmarkScan100Base16        1093          1065          -2.56%
BenchmarkScan1000Base16       12687         12196         -3.87%
BenchmarkScan10000Base16      282349        271443        -3.86%
BenchmarkScan100000Base16     16742669      16552917      -1.13%

Change-Id: I4b9b078792788aef872b307399f00ffd34903127
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/2960Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>