As a follow-up to the first README for cmd/compile/internal/ssa.

Since this is the parent package for all the compiler packages, this
README serves as an overview of the compiler and its packages. As more
READMEs are added for specific parts with more detail, such as ssa's,
they can be linked from this one.

Thanks to Iskander Sharipov, Josh Bleecher Snyder, Matthew Dempsky,
Alberto Donizetti, and Robert Griesemer for helping with all the details
in this document.

Change-Id: I820a535e25dce86ccc667ce1c6e92b75fc32f3af
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/103935Reviewed-by: Martin Möhrmann <moehrmann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>