Also, relocate related const and type definitions from go.go.

Change-Id: Ieb9b672da8dd510ca67022b4f7ae49a778a56579
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20080
Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Dave Cheney <dave@cheney.net>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>