cmd/compile/internal/gc: major evconst cleanup

Major cleanup to structure the code more similarly to go/constant.

Passes "toolstash -cmp" on std cmd.

Change-Id: I3ec7a7a24e313f119b0da4095001aad02e317894
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/139901
Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>