runtime: eliminate mark 2 and fix mark termination race

The mark 2 phase was originally introduced as a way to reduce the
chance of entering STW mark termination while there was still marking
work to do. It works by flushing and disabling all local work caches
so that all enqueued work becomes immediately globally visible.
However, mark 2 is not only slow–disabling caches makes marking and
the write barrier both much more expensive–but also imperfect. There
is still a rare but possible race (~once per all.bash) that can cause
GC to enter mark termination while there is still marking work. This
race is detailed at
https://github.com/golang/proposal/blob/master/design/17503-eliminate-rescan.md#appendix-mark-completion-race
The effect of this is that mark termination must still cope with the
possibility that there may be work remaining after a concurrent mark
phase. Dealing with this increases STW pause time and increases the
complexity of mark termination.

Furthermore, a similar but far more likely race can cause early
transition from mark 1 to mark 2. This is unfortunate because it
causes performance instability because of the cost of mark 2.

This CL fixes this by replacing mark 2 with a distributed termination
detection algorithm. This algorithm is correct, so it eliminates the
mark termination race, and doesn't require disabling local caches. It
ensures that there are no grey objects upon entering mark termination.
With this change, we're one step closer to eliminating marking from
mark termination entirely (it's still used by STW GC and checkmarks
mode).

This CL does not eliminate the gcBlackenPromptly global flag, though
it is always set to false now. It will be removed in a cleanup CL.

This led to only minor variations in the go1 benchmarks
(https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180909.1) and compilebench
benchmarks (https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180910.2).

This significantly improves performance of the garbage benchmark, with
no impact on STW times:

name                        old time/op    new time/op   delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12    2.21ms ± 1%   2.05ms ± 1%   -7.38% (p=0.000 n=18+19)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12  2.30ms ±16%   2.20ms ± 7%   -4.51% (p=0.001 n=20+20)

name                        old STW-ns/GC  new STW-ns/GC  delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12      138k ±44%     141k ±23%     ~    (p=0.309 n=19+20)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12    159k ±25%     178k ±98%     ~    (p=0.798 n=16+18)

name                        old STW-ns/op  new STW-ns/op                delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12     4.42k ±44%    4.24k ±23%     ~    (p=0.531 n=19+20)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12     591 ±24%      636 ±111%    ~    (p=0.309 n=16+18)

(https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180910.1)

Updates #26903.
Updates #17503.

Change-Id: Icbd1e12b7a12a76f423c9bf033b13cb363e4cd19
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/134318
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>

src/runtime/gc_test.go

@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ func BenchmarkWriteBarrier(b *testing.B) {
 		n := &node{mkTree(level - 1), mkTree(level - 1)}
 		if level == 10 {
 			// Seed GC with enough early pointers so it
-			// doesn't accidentally switch to mark 2 when
-			// it only has the top of the tree.
+			// doesn't start termination barriers when it
+			// only has the top of the tree.
 			wbRoots = append(wbRoots, n)
 		}
 		return n

src/runtime/mwbbuf.go

@@ -107,6 +107,11 @@ func (b *wbBuf) discard() {
 	b.next = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&b.buf[0]))
 }
 
+// empty returns true if b contains no pointers.
+func (b *wbBuf) empty() bool {
+	return b.next == uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&b.buf[0]))
+}
+
 // putFast adds old and new to the write barrier buffer and returns
 // false if a flush is necessary. Callers should use this as:
 //