bytes,strings: in generic Index, use mix of IndexByte and Rabin-Karp

Use IndexByte first, as it allows us to skip lots of bytes quickly.
If IndexByte is generating a lot of false positives, switch over to Rabin-Karp.

Experiments for ppc64le
bytes:
name                             old time/op  new time/op  delta
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic2-2   1.12ms ± 0%  0.18ms ± 0%  -83.54%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic4-2    635µs ± 0%   184µs ± 0%  -71.06%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic8-2    289µs ± 0%   184µs ± 0%  -36.51%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic16-2   133µs ± 0%   183µs ± 0%  +37.68%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic32-2  68.3µs ± 0%  70.2µs ± 0%   +2.76%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic64-2  35.8µs ± 0%  36.6µs ± 0%   +2.17%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)

strings:
name                             old time/op  new time/op  delta
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic2-2    184µs ± 0%   184µs ± 0%   +0.11%  (p=0.029 n=4+4)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic4-2    184µs ± 0%   184µs ± 0%     ~     (p=0.886 n=4+4)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic8-2    184µs ± 0%   184µs ± 0%     ~     (p=0.486 n=4+4)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic16-2   185µs ± 1%   184µs ± 0%     ~     (p=0.343 n=4+4)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic32-2   184µs ± 0%    69µs ± 0%  -62.37%  (p=0.029 n=4+4)
IndexPeriodic/IndexPeriodic64-2   184µs ± 0%    37µs ± 0%  -80.17%  (p=0.029 n=4+4)

Fixes #22578

Change-Id: If2a4d8554cb96bfd699b58149d13ac294615f8b8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/76070Reviewed-by: Alberto Donizetti <alb.donizetti@gmail.com>

src/bytes/bytes.go

@@ -815,3 +815,46 @@ func EqualFold(s, t []byte) bool {
 	// One string is empty. Are both?
 	return len(s) == len(t)
 }
+
+func indexRabinKarp(s, sep []byte) int {
+	// Rabin-Karp search
+	hashsep, pow := hashStr(sep)
+	n := len(sep)
+	var h uint32
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
+	}
+	if h == hashsep && Equal(s[:n], sep) {
+		return 0
+	}
+	for i := n; i < len(s); {
+		h *= primeRK
+		h += uint32(s[i])
+		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
+		i++
+		if h == hashsep && Equal(s[i-n:i], sep) {
+			return i - n
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// primeRK is the prime base used in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
+const primeRK = 16777619
+
+// hashStr returns the hash and the appropriate multiplicative
+// factor for use in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
+func hashStr(sep []byte) (uint32, uint32) {
+	hash := uint32(0)
+	for i := 0; i < len(sep); i++ {
+		hash = hash*primeRK + uint32(sep[i])
+	}
+	var pow, sq uint32 = 1, primeRK
+	for i := len(sep); i > 0; i >>= 1 {
+		if i&1 != 0 {
+			pow *= sq
+		}
+		sq *= sq
+	}
+	return hash, pow
+}

src/bytes/bytes_amd64.go

@@ -75,25 +75,7 @@ func Index(s, sep []byte) int {
 		}
 		return -1
 	}
-	// Rabin-Karp search
-	hashsep, pow := hashStr(sep)
-	var h uint32
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
-	}
-	if h == hashsep && Equal(s[:n], sep) {
-		return 0
-	}
-	for i := n; i < len(s); {
-		h *= primeRK
-		h += uint32(s[i])
-		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
-		i++
-		if h == hashsep && Equal(s[i-n:i], sep) {
-			return i - n
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
+	return indexRabinKarp(s, sep)
 }
 
 // Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of sep in s.
@@ -104,23 +86,3 @@ func Count(s, sep []byte) int {
 	}
 	return countGeneric(s, sep)
 }
-
-// primeRK is the prime base used in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
-const primeRK = 16777619
-
-// hashStr returns the hash and the appropriate multiplicative
-// factor for use in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
-func hashStr(sep []byte) (uint32, uint32) {
-	hash := uint32(0)
-	for i := 0; i < len(sep); i++ {
-		hash = hash*primeRK + uint32(sep[i])
-	}
-	var pow, sq uint32 = 1, primeRK
-	for i := len(sep); i > 0; i >>= 1 {
-		if i&1 != 0 {
-			pow *= sq
-		}
-		sq *= sq
-	}
-	return hash, pow
-}

src/bytes/bytes_generic.go

@@ -6,23 +6,25 @@
 
 package bytes
 
-// TODO: implements short string optimization on non amd64 platforms
-// and get rid of bytes_amd64.go
-
 // Index returns the index of the first instance of sep in s, or -1 if sep is not present in s.
 func Index(s, sep []byte) int {
 	n := len(sep)
-	if n == 0 {
+	switch {
+	case n == 0:
 		return 0
-	}
-	if n > len(s) {
+	case n == 1:
+		return IndexByte(s, sep[0])
+	case n == len(s):
+		if Equal(sep, s) {
+			return 0
+		}
+		return -1
+	case n > len(s):
 		return -1
 	}
 	c := sep[0]
-	if n == 1 {
-		return IndexByte(s, c)
-	}
 	i := 0
+	fails := 0
 	t := s[:len(s)-n+1]
 	for i < len(t) {
 		if t[i] != c {
@@ -36,6 +38,22 @@ func Index(s, sep []byte) int {
 			return i
 		}
 		i++
+		fails++
+		if fails >= 4+i>>4 && i < len(t) {
+			// Give up on IndexByte, it isn't skipping ahead
+			// far enough to be better than Rabin-Karp.
+			// Experiments (using IndexPeriodic) suggest
+			// the cutover is about 16 byte skips.
+			// TODO: if large prefixes of sep are matching
+			// we should cutover at even larger average skips,
+			// because Equal becomes that much more expensive.
+			// This code does not take that effect into account.
+			j := indexRabinKarp(s[i:], sep)
+			if j < 0 {
+				return -1
+			}
+			return i + j
+		}
 	}
 	return -1
 }

src/bytes/bytes_s390x.go

@@ -76,25 +76,7 @@ func Index(s, sep []byte) int {
 		}
 		return -1
 	}
-	// Rabin-Karp search
-	hashsep, pow := hashStr(sep)
-	var h uint32
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
-	}
-	if h == hashsep && Equal(s[:n], sep) {
-		return 0
-	}
-	for i := n; i < len(s); {
-		h *= primeRK
-		h += uint32(s[i])
-		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
-		i++
-		if h == hashsep && Equal(s[i-n:i], sep) {
-			return i - n
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
+	return indexRabinKarp(s, sep)
 }
 
 // Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of sep in s.
@@ -102,23 +84,3 @@ func Index(s, sep []byte) int {
 func Count(s, sep []byte) int {
 	return countGeneric(s, sep)
 }
-
-// primeRK is the prime base used in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
-const primeRK = 16777619
-
-// hashStr returns the hash and the appropriate multiplicative
-// factor for use in Rabin-Karp algorithm.
-func hashStr(sep []byte) (uint32, uint32) {
-	hash := uint32(0)
-	for i := 0; i < len(sep); i++ {
-		hash = hash*primeRK + uint32(sep[i])
-	}
-	var pow, sq uint32 = 1, primeRK
-	for i := len(sep); i > 0; i >>= 1 {
-		if i&1 != 0 {
-			pow *= sq
-		}
-		sq *= sq
-	}
-	return hash, pow
-}

src/bytes/bytes_test.go

@@ -139,6 +139,9 @@ var indexTests = []BinOpTest{
 	{"barfoobarfooyyyzzzyyyzzzyyyzzzyyyxxxzzzyyy", "x", 33},
 	{"foofyfoobarfoobar", "y", 4},
 	{"oooooooooooooooooooooo", "r", -1},
+	// test fallback to Rabin-Karp.
+	{"oxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoy", "oy", 22},
+	{"oxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxox", "oy", -1},
 }
 
 var lastIndexTests = []BinOpTest{
@@ -1730,3 +1733,18 @@ func BenchmarkTrimASCII(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkIndexPeriodic(b *testing.B) {
+	key := []byte{1, 1}
+	for _, skip := range [...]int{2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64} {
+		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("IndexPeriodic%d", skip), func(b *testing.B) {
+			buf := make([]byte, 1<<16)
+			for i := 0; i < len(buf); i += skip {
+				buf[i] = 1
+			}
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				Index(buf, key)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

src/strings/strings.go

@@ -918,3 +918,27 @@ func EqualFold(s, t string) bool {
 	// One string is empty. Are both?
 	return s == t
 }
+
+func indexRabinKarp(s, substr string) int {
+	// Rabin-Karp search
+	hashss, pow := hashStr(substr)
+	n := len(substr)
+	var h uint32
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
+	}
+	if h == hashss && s[:n] == substr {
+		return 0
+	}
+	for i := n; i < len(s); {
+		h *= primeRK
+		h += uint32(s[i])
+		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
+		i++
+		if h == hashss && s[i-n:i] == substr {
+			return i - n
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+
+}

src/strings/strings_amd64.go

@@ -75,25 +75,7 @@ func Index(s, substr string) int {
 		}
 		return -1
 	}
-	// Rabin-Karp search
-	hashss, pow := hashStr(substr)
-	var h uint32
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
-	}
-	if h == hashss && s[:n] == substr {
-		return 0
-	}
-	for i := n; i < len(s); {
-		h *= primeRK
-		h += uint32(s[i])
-		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
-		i++
-		if h == hashss && s[i-n:i] == substr {
-			return i - n
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
+	return indexRabinKarp(s, substr)
 }
 
 // Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of substr in s.

src/strings/strings_generic.go

@@ -25,22 +25,30 @@ func Index(s, substr string) int {
 	case n > len(s):
 		return -1
 	}
-	// Rabin-Karp search
-	hashss, pow := hashStr(substr)
-	var h uint32
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
-	}
-	if h == hashss && s[:n] == substr {
-		return 0
-	}
-	for i := n; i < len(s); {
-		h *= primeRK
-		h += uint32(s[i])
-		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
+	c := substr[0]
+	i := 0
+	t := s[:len(s)-n+1]
+	fails := 0
+	for i < len(t) {
+		if t[i] != c {
+			o := IndexByte(t[i:], c)
+			if o < 0 {
+				return -1
+			}
+			i += o
+		}
+		if s[i:i+n] == substr {
+			return i
+		}
 		i++
-		if h == hashss && s[i-n:i] == substr {
-			return i - n
+		fails++
+		if fails >= 4+i>>4 && i < len(t) {
+			// See comment in ../bytes/bytes_generic.go.
+			j := indexRabinKarp(s[i:], substr)
+			if j < 0 {
+				return -1
+			}
+			return i + j
 		}
 	}
 	return -1

src/strings/strings_s390x.go

@@ -76,25 +76,7 @@ func Index(s, substr string) int {
 		}
 		return -1
 	}
-	// Rabin-Karp search
-	hashss, pow := hashStr(substr)
-	var h uint32
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		h = h*primeRK + uint32(s[i])
-	}
-	if h == hashss && s[:n] == substr {
-		return 0
-	}
-	for i := n; i < len(s); {
-		h *= primeRK
-		h += uint32(s[i])
-		h -= pow * uint32(s[i-n])
-		i++
-		if h == hashss && s[i-n:i] == substr {
-			return i - n
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
+	return indexRabinKarp(s, substr)
 }
 
 // Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of substr in s.

src/strings/strings_test.go

@@ -125,6 +125,9 @@ var indexTests = []IndexTest{
 	{"xx012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012"[:41], "0123456789012345678901234567890123456789", -1},
 	{"xx012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012", "0123456789012345678901234567890123456xxx", -1},
 	{"xx0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890120123456789012345678901234567890123456xxx", "0123456789012345678901234567890123456xxx", 65},
+	// test fallback to Rabin-Karp.
+	{"oxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoy", "oy", 22},
+	{"oxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxoxox", "oy", -1},
 }
 
 var lastIndexTests = []IndexTest{
@@ -1641,3 +1644,15 @@ func BenchmarkTrimASCII(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkIndexPeriodic(b *testing.B) {
+	key := "aa"
+	for _, skip := range [...]int{2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64} {
+		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("IndexPeriodic%d", skip), func(b *testing.B) {
+			s := Repeat("a"+Repeat(" ", skip-1), 1<<16/skip)
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				Index(s, key)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}