In order to generate accurate tracebacks, the runtime needs to know the
inlined call stack for a given PC. This creates two tables per function
for this purpose. The first table is the inlining tree (stored in the
function's funcdata), which has a node containing the file, line, and
function name for every inlined call. The second table is a PC-value
table that maps each PC to a node in the inlining tree (or -1 if the PC
is not the result of inlining).

To give the appearance that inlining hasn't happened, the runtime also
needs the original source position information of inlined AST nodes.
Previously the compiler plastered over the line numbers of inlined AST
nodes with the line number of the call. This meant that the PC-line
table mapped each PC to line number of the outermost call in its inlined
call stack, with no way to access the innermost line number.

Now the compiler retains line numbers of inlined AST nodes and writes
the innermost source position information to the PC-line and PC-file
tables. Some tools and tests expect to see outermost line numbers, so we
provide the OutermostLine function for displaying line info.

To keep track of the inlined call stack for an AST node, we extend the
src.PosBase type with an index into a global inlining tree. Every time
the compiler inlines a call, it creates a node in the global inlining
tree for the call, and writes its index to the PosBase of every inlined
AST node. The parent of this node is the inlining tree index of the
call. -1 signifies no parent.

For each function, the compiler creates a local inlining tree and a
PC-value table mapping each PC to an index in the local tree.  These are
written to an object file, which is read by the linker.  The linker
re-encodes these tables compactly by deduplicating function names and
file names.

This change increases the size of binaries by 4-5%. For example, this is
how the go1 benchmark binary is impacted by this change:

section             old bytes   new bytes   delta
.text               3.49M ± 0%  3.49M ± 0%   +0.06%
.rodata             1.12M ± 0%  1.21M ± 0%   +8.21%
.gopclntab          1.50M ± 0%  1.68M ± 0%  +11.89%
.debug_line          338k ± 0%   435k ± 0%  +28.78%
Total               9.21M ± 0%  9.58M ± 0%   +4.01%

Updates #19348.

Change-Id: Ic4f180c3b516018138236b0c35e0218270d957d3
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/37231
Run-TryBot: David Lazar <lazard@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>