Currently we shrink stacks during STW mark termination because it used
to be unsafe to shrink them concurrently. For some programs, this
significantly increases pause time: stack shrinking costs ~5ms/MB
copied plus 2µs/shrink.

Now that we've made it safe to shrink a stack without the world being
stopped, shrink them during the concurrent mark phase.

This reduces the STW time in the program from issue #12967 by an order
of magnitude and brings it from over the 10ms goal to well under:

name           old 95%ile-markTerm-time  new 95%ile-markTerm-time  delta
Stackshrink-4               23.8ms ±60%               1.80ms ±39%  -92.44%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

Fixes #12967.

This slows down the go1 and garbage benchmarks overall by < 0.5%.

name              old time/op  new time/op  delta
XBenchGarbage-12  2.48ms ± 1%  2.49ms ± 1%  +0.45%  (p=0.005 n=25+21)

name                      old time/op    new time/op    delta
BinaryTree17-12              2.93s ± 2%     2.97s ± 2%  +1.34%  (p=0.002 n=19+20)
Fannkuch11-12                2.51s ± 1%     2.59s ± 0%  +3.09%  (p=0.000 n=18+18)
FmtFprintfEmpty-12          51.1ns ± 2%    51.5ns ± 1%    ~     (p=0.280 n=20+17)
FmtFprintfString-12          175ns ± 1%     169ns ± 1%  -3.01%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
FmtFprintfInt-12             160ns ± 1%     160ns ± 0%  +0.53%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
FmtFprintfIntInt-12          265ns ± 0%     266ns ± 1%  +0.59%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
FmtFprintfPrefixedInt-12     237ns ± 1%     238ns ± 1%  +0.44%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
FmtFprintfFloat-12           326ns ± 1%     341ns ± 1%  +4.55%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)
FmtManyArgs-12              1.01µs ± 0%    1.02µs ± 0%  +0.43%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)
GobDecode-12                8.41ms ± 1%    8.30ms ± 2%  -1.22%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)
GobEncode-12                6.66ms ± 1%    6.68ms ± 0%  +0.30%  (p=0.000 n=18+19)
Gzip-12                      322ms ± 1%     322ms ± 1%    ~     (p=1.000 n=20+20)
Gunzip-12                   42.8ms ± 0%    42.9ms ± 0%    ~     (p=0.174 n=20+20)
HTTPClientServer-12         69.7µs ± 1%    70.6µs ± 1%  +1.20%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
JSONEncode-12               16.8ms ± 0%    16.8ms ± 1%    ~     (p=0.154 n=19+19)
JSONDecode-12               65.1ms ± 0%    65.3ms ± 1%  +0.34%  (p=0.003 n=20+20)
Mandelbrot200-12            3.93ms ± 0%    3.92ms ± 0%    ~     (p=0.396 n=19+20)
GoParse-12                  3.66ms ± 1%    3.65ms ± 1%    ~     (p=0.117 n=16+18)
RegexpMatchEasy0_32-12      85.0ns ± 2%    85.5ns ± 2%    ~     (p=0.143 n=20+20)
RegexpMatchEasy0_1K-12       267ns ± 1%     267ns ± 1%    ~     (p=0.867 n=20+17)
RegexpMatchEasy1_32-12      83.3ns ± 2%    83.8ns ± 1%    ~     (p=0.068 n=20+20)
RegexpMatchEasy1_1K-12       432ns ± 1%     432ns ± 1%    ~     (p=0.804 n=20+19)
RegexpMatchMedium_32-12      133ns ± 0%     133ns ± 0%    ~     (p=1.000 n=20+20)
RegexpMatchMedium_1K-12     40.3µs ± 1%    40.4µs ± 1%    ~     (p=0.319 n=20+19)
RegexpMatchHard_32-12       2.10µs ± 1%    2.10µs ± 1%    ~     (p=0.723 n=20+18)
RegexpMatchHard_1K-12       63.0µs ± 0%    63.0µs ± 0%    ~     (p=0.158 n=19+17)
Revcomp-12                   461ms ± 1%     476ms ± 8%  +3.29%  (p=0.002 n=20+20)
Template-12                 80.1ms ± 1%    79.3ms ± 1%  -1.00%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)
TimeParse-12                 360ns ± 0%     360ns ± 0%    ~     (p=0.802 n=18+19)
TimeFormat-12                374ns ± 1%     372ns ± 0%  -0.77%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)
[Geo mean]                  61.8µs         62.0µs       +0.40%

Change-Id: Ib60cd46b7a4987e07670eb271d22f6cee5802842
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20044Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>