For the conversion of the heap bitmap from 4-bit to 2-bit fields,
I replaced heapBitsSetType with the dumbest thing that could possibly work:
two atomic operations (atomicand8+atomicor8) per 2-bit field.

This CL replaces that code with a proper implementation that
avoids the atomics whenever possible. Benchmarks vs base CL
(before the conversion to 2-bit heap bitmap) and vs Go 1.4 below.

Compared to Go 1.4, SetTypePtr (a 1-pointer allocation)
is 10ns slower because a race against the concurrent GC requires the
use of an atomicor8 that used to be an ordinary write. This slowdown
was present even in the base CL.

Compared to both Go 1.4 and base, SetTypeNode8 (a 10-word allocation)
is 10ns slower because it too needs a new atomic, because with the
denser representation, the byte on the end of the allocation is now shared
with the object next to it; this was not true with the 4-bit representation.

Excluding these two (fundamental) slowdowns due to the use of atomics,
the new code is noticeably faster than both Go 1.4 and the base CL.

The next CL will reintroduce the ``typeDead'' optimization.

Stats are from 5 runs on a MacBookPro10,2 (late 2012 Core i5).

Compared to base CL (** = new atomic)
name                  old mean              new mean              delta
SetTypePtr            14.1ns × (0.99,1.02)  14.7ns × (0.93,1.10)     ~    (p=0.175)
SetTypePtr8           18.4ns × (1.00,1.01)  18.6ns × (0.81,1.21)     ~    (p=0.866)
SetTypePtr16          28.7ns × (1.00,1.00)  22.4ns × (0.90,1.27)  -21.88% (p=0.015)
SetTypePtr32          52.3ns × (1.00,1.00)  33.8ns × (0.93,1.24)  -35.37% (p=0.001)
SetTypePtr64          79.2ns × (1.00,1.00)  55.1ns × (1.00,1.01)  -30.43% (p=0.000)
SetTypePtr126          118ns × (1.00,1.00)   100ns × (1.00,1.00)  -15.97% (p=0.000)
SetTypePtr128          130ns × (0.92,1.19)    98ns × (1.00,1.00)  -24.36% (p=0.008)
SetTypePtrSlice        726ns × (0.96,1.08)   760ns × (1.00,1.00)     ~    (p=0.152)
SetTypeNode1          14.1ns × (0.94,1.15)  12.0ns × (1.00,1.01)  -14.60% (p=0.020)
SetTypeNode1Slice      135ns × (0.96,1.07)    88ns × (1.00,1.00)  -34.53% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode8          20.9ns × (1.00,1.01)  32.6ns × (1.00,1.00)  +55.37% (p=0.000) **
SetTypeNode8Slice      414ns × (0.99,1.02)   244ns × (1.00,1.00)  -41.09% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode64         80.0ns × (1.00,1.00)  57.4ns × (1.00,1.00)  -28.23% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode64Slice    2.15µs × (1.00,1.01)  1.56µs × (1.00,1.00)  -27.43% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode124         119ns × (0.99,1.00)   100ns × (1.00,1.00)  -16.11% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode124Slice   3.40µs × (1.00,1.00)  2.93µs × (1.00,1.00)  -13.80% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode126         120ns × (1.00,1.01)    98ns × (1.00,1.00)  -18.19% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode126Slice   3.53µs × (0.98,1.08)  3.02µs × (1.00,1.00)  -14.49% (p=0.002)
SetTypeNode1024        726ns × (0.97,1.09)   740ns × (1.00,1.00)     ~    (p=0.451)
SetTypeNode1024Slice  24.9µs × (0.89,1.37)  23.1µs × (1.00,1.00)     ~    (p=0.476)

Compared to Go 1.4 (** = new atomic)
name                  old mean               new mean              delta
SetTypePtr            5.71ns × (0.89,1.19)  14.68ns × (0.93,1.10)  +157.24% (p=0.000) **
SetTypePtr8           19.3ns × (0.96,1.10)   18.6ns × (0.81,1.21)      ~    (p=0.638)
SetTypePtr16          30.7ns × (0.99,1.03)   22.4ns × (0.90,1.27)   -26.88% (p=0.005)
SetTypePtr32          51.5ns × (1.00,1.00)   33.8ns × (0.93,1.24)   -34.40% (p=0.001)
SetTypePtr64          83.6ns × (0.94,1.12)   55.1ns × (1.00,1.01)   -34.12% (p=0.001)
SetTypePtr126          137ns × (0.87,1.26)    100ns × (1.00,1.00)   -27.10% (p=0.028)
SetTypePtrSlice        865ns × (0.80,1.23)    760ns × (1.00,1.00)      ~    (p=0.243)
SetTypeNode1          15.2ns × (0.88,1.12)   12.0ns × (1.00,1.01)   -20.89% (p=0.014)
SetTypeNode1Slice      156ns × (0.93,1.16)     88ns × (1.00,1.00)   -43.57% (p=0.001)
SetTypeNode8          23.8ns × (0.90,1.18)   32.6ns × (1.00,1.00)   +36.76% (p=0.003) **
SetTypeNode8Slice      502ns × (0.92,1.10)    244ns × (1.00,1.00)   -51.46% (p=0.000)
SetTypeNode64         85.6ns × (0.94,1.11)   57.4ns × (1.00,1.00)   -32.89% (p=0.001)
SetTypeNode64Slice    2.36µs × (0.91,1.14)   1.56µs × (1.00,1.00)   -33.96% (p=0.002)
SetTypeNode124         130ns × (0.91,1.12)    100ns × (1.00,1.00)   -23.49% (p=0.004)
SetTypeNode124Slice   3.81µs × (0.90,1.22)   2.93µs × (1.00,1.00)   -23.09% (p=0.025)

There are fewer benchmarks vs Go 1.4 because unrolling directly
into the heap bitmap is not yet implemented, so those would not
be meaningful comparisons.

These benchmarks were not present in Go 1.4 as distributed.
The backport to Go 1.4 is in github.com/rsc/go's go14bench branch,
commit 71d5ee5.

Change-Id: I95ed05a22bf484b0fc9efad549279e766c98d2b6
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/9704Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>